Kidney

The kidney filters approximately 180 litres of blood per day, maintaining electrolyte balance, regulating pH, and managing fluid balance. To perform this continuously, it accumulates high concentrations of antioxidant enzymes and their cofactors - particularly selenium, zinc, and riboflavin.

Kidney tissue is one of the richest dietary sources of diamine oxidase (DAO), an enzyme naturally present in kidney tissue. Unlike liver or heart, kidney's primary biological contribution to the formula is enzymatic rather than nutritional.

The kidney also concentrates B12 and copper at levels comparable to liver, and contains chromium in a naturally chelated form.