Kidney

The kidney filters approximately 180 litres of blood per day, maintaining electrolyte balance, regulating pH, and controlling blood pressure. To perform this continuously, it accumulates high concentrations of antioxidant enzymes and their cofactors - particularly selenium, zinc, and riboflavin.

Kidney tissue is one of the richest dietary sources of diamine oxidase (DAO) - the enzyme responsible for degrading histamine in the intestinal tract. Unlike liver or heart, kidney's primary biological contribution to the formula is enzymatic rather than nutritional.

The kidney also concentrates B12 and copper at levels comparable to liver, and contains chromium in a naturally chelated form that appears to have distinct metabolic advantages over inorganic chromium salts used in conventional supplementation.