Liver

The liver is the body's primary metabolic organ - responsible for over 500 distinct biochemical functions. It synthesises proteins, processes metabolic by-products, stores vitamins and minerals, and regulates virtually every nutrient pathway. No other organ coordinates as many processes simultaneously.

Bovine liver naturally contains preformed vitamin A (retinol), alongside adenosylcobalamin - the biologically active form of B12. These are not synthetic analogues. They arrive in the matrix that evolved to carry them.

The liver also naturally contains choline, folate, and copper - three nutrients that are widely under-consumed in modern diets. Including liver in a supplement formula is not redundancy.